ChestHealth

Medicine is evolving where the focus expands to not just state of the art technology and procedures to care for our patients, but also what value can medicine provide to patients.  That value is defined by not just the overarching goals of therapy, i.e. cure of cancer, resolution of infection, amelioration of pain, but also by the effects on quality of life, function after surgery, and most importantly, what immediate outcomes are important to patients and their families.

For a potential patient and their family, transparency in provider outcomes is key.  The patient-centered outcomes of the UC Davis General Thoracic Surgery Program are tracked by several quality databases and evaluation organizations including the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP^®), the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) General Thoracic Surgery Database and the LeapFrog Group.  These bodies compare medical institutions outcomes to national benchmarks and determine how individual institutions rank.  For example, in the case of ACS NSQIP, comparisons determine if an institution’s results in eight measured outcomes are in line with its national peers (As Expected), underperform its peers (Needs Improvement) or out perform its peers (Exemplary).

Below are our UC Davis Thoracic Surgery Program Outcomes as measured by the most recent national quality assurance measures:

2012 ACS NSQIP^®

Where Mortality is the rate of surviving the hospital experience after an operation; pneumonia is a lung infection acquired during the hospitalization; ventilator > 48hrs refers to the time on a breathing machine after an operation; morbidity is the accumulative complications after an operation; unplanned intubation is the need for a breathing tube to be put back in after an operation; deep venous thrombosis is a blood clot in the arms or legs that may develop after an operation; urinary tract infection is an infection often from a bladder catheter that is placed for an operation; return to the operating room is an unplanned re-operation after the intended or index operation.

STS General Thoracic Surgery Database (2010-2012)

Where Discharge Survival is the rate of leaving the hospital alive after the operation, and 30-Day Survival is the rate of surviving 30 days after an operation, even after having gone home.

LeapFrog Group Ratings for Esophageal Resection (2013)

 4-Bar, Best Odds for Survival Ranking or Highest Quality of Care Rating: Top in the Sacramento region.

Where 4-Bars (Highest Quality of Care Rating) means the patient has the best chances of surviving an esophageal resection.  An esophageal resection or Esophagectomy is a surgery to remove the esophagus and replace it with the stomach or colon and is most commonly performed for cancer, though sometimes it needs to be performed for very extreme non-cancer disease.

The LeapFrog Group determines the Highest Quality of Care Rating by surveying participating hospitals and measuring their outcomes.  A hospital can achieve a Highest Quality of Care Rating by:

-       Participating in the Leapfrog Survey

-       Performing ≥ 13 esophagectomies during the survey year

-       All of the esophagectomies performed by high-volume surgeon (≥ 2 esophagectomies/year)

The LeapFrog Highest Quality of Care Rating determines quality or value based on the volume, or the number of procedures performed.  The thinking is that having experience with a procedure refines quality outcomes and promotes value.  This volume-outcome relationship has been demonstrated in the scientific literature (Birkmeyer et al, New Engl J of Med, 2002) for both esophageal cancer surgery (Esophagectomy) as well as lung cancer surgery otherwise called pulmonary resection, such as lobectomy and pneumonectomy.

Since 2008 our UC Davis General Thoracic Surgery Program has performed 100 esophagectomies and over 200 lobectomy and pneumonectomies.

Patient-centered value outcomes, as mentioned above, have a lot to do with the skill of the surgeon and the surgeon’s volume based experience.  However the central driver of quality outcomes is careful planning, attention to detail, and scientific evidence based best-practice treatment algorithms that are followed in consensus by the entire care team.  Care processes or pathways that are patient/family-focused, foster coordination and communication amongst all providers can promote efficiency and improve results that are important to patients (Vanhaecht et al, Health Serv Mange Res, 2007).

At UC Davis, we have developed novel evidence based post-operative care pathways for esophagectomy (Cooke et al, Society of Thoracic Surgeons 49^th Annual Meeting, 2013) and lung resection as well as Respiratory Therapy pathways that are designed to prevent pneumonia, need for replacement of a breathing tube and pronged need for a breathing tube (Tanner-Corbett…Cooke et al, 14^th World Conference on Lung Cancer, 2011), and in effect, “stack the deck” in the patients favor to achieve important top clinical outcomes.

With our evolving health care system, the definition of quality has matured from not only advanced technology that is available, but also the value in outcomes that the patient experiences, and maximization of the outcomes that are most important to patients and their families.  Transparency in provider outcomes helps patients make informed decisions on how their care should be directed.

The section of General Thoracic Surgery at UC Davis is offering Robotic Thoracic Surgery to further enhance our top regional minimally invasive thoracic surgery program. 

 What is robotic surgery? 

Robotic surgery is performed in much the same way that minimally invasive thoracic surgery (VATS) is performed.  It involves the use of small incisions, a video camera and a surgical robot.  The surgical robot is under the control of your surgeon at all times.  One of the many advantages of the surgical robot is the ability to have wristed articulation inside the chest, almost like having a surgeon’s hand inside your chest (without having a large incision).  The robot also provides exceptional optics, surgeon control of all instruments and is ideal for visualization in tight spaces like the middle of the chest¹.  Additionally, robotic lung resection is associated with a shorter need for narcotic pain medication after surgery and an earlier return to usual activities when it is compared to traditional VATS lung resections².  When compared to VATS, robotic surgery has been found to have similar complication and death rates, as well as similar long-term survival for cancer patients undergoing cancer resections³. 

For what surgeries is the robot being used? 

We are currently using the surgical robot for:

• mediastinal tumors (tumor in the middle of the chest)
• lung biopsy
• lung lobectomy (removal of parts of the lung)
• removal of masses from the chest
• procedures of the diaphragm

The UC Davis Robotic Thoracic Surgery Program offers unprecedented new value and quality to our patients

UC Davis Robotic Thoracic Surgery Team:

Dr. Elizabeth A. David

Dr. David Tom Cooke

Robin Kelly, PA-C

References

1. Cerfolio EJ, Bryan AS, Minnich DJ.  Operative techniques in robotic thoracic surgery for inferior or posterior mediastinal pathology.  . J Thor and CV Surgery 2012; 143 (5) 1138-43.
2. Louie BE, FarivarAS, Aye RW et al. Early Experience with Robotic Lung Resection Results in Similar Operative Outcomes and Morbiditiy When Compared with Matched Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Cases.  Ann Thor Surg 2012 May Vol 93 (5) 1598-1605.
3. Park BJ, Melfi F, Mussi A et al. Robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Long-term oncologic results. J Thor and CV Surgery 2012; 143 (2) 383-9.

UC Davis Comprehensive Lung Cancer Screening Program

(CLSP)

UC Davis CLSP is a multidisciplinary program for comprehensive lung cancer screening.  The innovative program provides low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) technology to detect lung cancer early in its most treatable form in those individuals at the highest risk for lung cancer.   The groundbreaking National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) clearly shows that screening with LDCT scans reduces the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers by 20% compared to screening with simple chest X-rays.  (N Engl J Med. 2011).

The UC Davis Comprehensive Lung Cancer Screening Program addresses the recent recommendations released on July 29, 2013 by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) for annual LDCT scans to screen individuals who are at high risk for lung cancer.  To serve our patients in the program, we use a multidisciplinary team of Radiologists, Thoracic Surgeons, Pulmonologists, Pathologists, Medical Oncologists and Radiation Oncologists to develop a best-practice, patient-centered plan.

Who Do We Screen?

      UC Davis CLSP serves a specific high-risk population for lung cancer.  This population is defined by the results of the multi-institution NLST, the USPSTF recommendations and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and includes the following:

a)     High-Risk Patients: Group 1

 i.   Current or former smokers 55-80 years of age;

ii.   Smoked the equivalent of one pack of cigarettes a day for at least 30 years;

iii.   If a former smoker, he/she should have quit within the previous 15 years.

b)     High-Risk Patients:  Group 2

i.     Current or former smokers 50-80 years of age;

ii.    Smoked the equivalent of one pack of cigarettes a day for at least 20 years;

iii.   Have one additional lung cancer risk factor.  Risk factors include the following:   personal lung cancer history (>5 years), family history of lung cancer (first degree relative), chronic lung disease, and carcinogen exposure (excluding second hand smoke exposure).

How do I Schedule an Exam?

We would be happy to assist you with lung cancer screening or answer additional questions through our Radiology Department. Their phone number for scheduling is 916-734-0655. We will need a referral from your Primary Care Provider or PCP. The referral can be faxed to 916-703-2254.

Insurance does not currently pay for lung cancer screening, and an out-of-pocket price for the exam is $375.

The results will be reported back to your PCP. Should an abnormality be found which requires further evaluation; our UC Davis CLSP Practitioners, including Pulmonologists and/or Thoracic Surgeons, will assist you, if your PCP wishes to consult them.

In addition if interested, we can offer you advice and help on strategies to stop smoking.

Thank you again for choosing UC Davis CLSP!

Brought to you by the UC Davis Section of General Thoracic Surgery: PulmaCalc PPO is a predicted post-operative pulmonary function calculator.  This unique point of care app, is ideal for health care providers, trainees and patients interested in patient centered medicine to easily calculate predicted post-operative (PPO) pulmonary function based on known pulmonary function test (PFT) values and knowledge of the extent of anatomic lung tissue removed.

The easy to use, intuitive interface allows the user to determine the PPO pulmonary function after segmentectomy, lobectomy or pneumonectomy, using known values for Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO).

For segmentectomy and lobectomy, the user may utilize the anatomic graphic feature or the slide bar to input the number of anatomic segments removed for calculation.

For pneumonectomy a slide bar for the fraction of lung perfusion measured by quantitative radionuclide ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan can be used to determine PPO FEV₁and DLCO.

Additional tabs describe the role for calculating PPO pulmonary function and the evidence-based medicine behind it.

This application is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for medical care, advice or professional services.

Available for the iPhone and iPad

To download PulmaCalc PPO click here:

https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=670782795&mt=8

To trouble shoot or additional questions contact:

scott@fouraxisapps.com

In July 2009 a new lung cancer staging system was revealed: The 7^th edition of the Tumor/LymphNode/Metastasis (TNM) classification. The 7^th edition TNM classification is a result of the International Staging Committee (ISC) created by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), resulting in the IASLC Lung Cancer Retrospective Staging Project.¹

            The ISC compiled clinical data on over 100,000 patients diagnosed with NSCLC and SCLC between 1990 and 2000, making the patient population examined 20 times the size of the 1997 analysis.  All components of the staging system were considered for upgrading, with the majority of changes occurring in the T and M components.¹

            The 6^th staging edition divided tumors into two size groups: T1 < 3cm in diameter, and T2 ≥ 3cm in diameter.  However, most thoracic surgeons and medical oncologists can anecdotally attest that the biologic behavior of node negative tumors that are 6-7cm, behave differently then 3cm node negative tumors, despite both being in the same broad T2 grouping.  The ISC confirmed this assumption.  Results suggested that new size groupings should be created of 2, 3, 5 and 7cm.  5 year survival rates for the pathologic groupings with negative nodes and no metastasis were 77% for T1 ≤ 2cm, 71% for T1 > 2cm and ≤ 3cm, 58% for T2 > 3cm and ≤ 5cm, 49% > 5cm and ≤ 7cm and 35% for T2 > 7cm.  Subsequently, the ISC recommended subclassifying T1 into T1a (≤ 2cm) and T1b (>2cm and ≤3cm) and subclassifying T2 into T2a (> 3cm but ≤ 5cm or tumor with any other T2 descriptors, but ≤ 5cm) and T2b (> 5cm but ≤ 7cm), and reclassify T2 tumors > 7cm to T3.²

                        No formal changes were recommended for nodal staging.  Malignant pleural effusion was reclassified to M1a.  The ISC found that extrathoracic metastasis had poorer prognosis than intrathoracic metastasis.  M1 was therefore sub-classified to M1a for additional tumors in the contralateral lung, malignant pleural and pericardial effusions, and nodular pleural dissemination, and M1b for extrathoracic metastasis.^3,4

            The new stage groupings are as follows:  T2b tumors ((> 5cm but ≤ 7cm) that are N0M0 are upstaged from IB to IIA; T2a tumors (≤ 5cm) that are N1M0 are down staged from IIB to IIA, and T4 tumors that are N0/1 are down staged to IIIA.  Restaging the patient population in the study based on the proposed 7^th TNM edition, found a pathologic 5 year survival rate 73% for IA, 58% for IB, 46% for IIA, 36% for IIB, 24% for IIIA, 9% for IIIB and 13% for IV.⁵

            The 7^th edition TNM staging system for NSCLC is an exciting accomplishment, and will help the clinician to better understand the outcomes of lung cancer and offers an exciting advance to our specialty. 

1. Rami-Porta R, Crowley JJ, Goldstraw P.  The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer.  Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009 Feb;15(1):4-9.

2. Rami-Porta R, Ball D, Crowley J, et al.  The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the T descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Jul;2(7):593-602.

3. Rusch VW, Crowley J, Giroux DJ, et al.  The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.  J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Jul;2(7):603-12.

3. Postmus PE, Brambilla E, Chansky K, et al.  The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer.  J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Aug;2(8):686-93.

4.  Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, et al.  The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification of malignant tumours.  J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Aug;2(8):706-14. Erratum in: J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Oct;2(10):985.

5. Rusch VW, Asamura H, Watanabe H, et al.  The IASLC lung cancer staging project: a proposal for a new international lymph node map in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.  J Thorac Oncol. 2009 May;4(5):568-77.

The UC Davis Lung Cancer Chat Room is an interactive meeting of learning and support for patients, families, friends and caregivers affected by lung cancer.

This support group is proudly sponsored by the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center.

The UC Davis Lung Cancer Chat Room provides a time for education, sharing and an opportunity to connect face-to-face with people who can relate the realities of lung cancer. Special guest speakers are invited to give presentations on topics of interest to patients. Educational and support materials are provided.

3rd Thursday of each month
10:30am-12:00pm
UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center
4501 X St. Sacramento, CA
Room #1103

For more information about this group, please contact Jena Cooreman, LCSW at 916-734-5198

2013 Calendar of Group Speakers
DateSpeaker/Topic

February 21st

David Copenhaver, MD, MPH
Director of Cancer Pain, Division of Pain Medicine
Pain Management

March 21st

David Tom Cooke, MD, FCCP, FACS
Section Head of General Thoracic Surgery
Lung Cancer Surgery: When is it Necessary?

April 18th

Kathleen Newman, RD, CSO
Senior Clinical Dietician
Nutrition and Cancer Treatment

May 16th

Elizabeth A. David, MD
Minimally Invasive Lung Cancer Surgery: What Are We Doing Now, What’s on the Horizon?

June 20th

Valerie Kuderer, RN
Thoracic Surgery Nurse Coordinator
Recovery After Lung Cancer Surgery

July 18th

Karen Kelly, MD
Associate Director of Clinical Research
We Might Have a Clinical Trial for That

August 15th

Megan Daly, MD
Advances in Radiation Oncology

September 19th

Marlene von Friederichs-Fitzwater, PhD, MPH
WeCARE! Cancer Peer Navigation Program

October 17th

TBD

November 14th

Tina Li, MD
Personalizing Lung Cancer Therapy: How Tumor Molecular Testing Can Help Your Cancer Care

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus is a known risk factor for Barrett’s metaplasia and subsequently an esophageal cancer known as adenocarcinoma. According to the National Cancer Institute (Cancer.gov) in 2012 there were 17,460 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States and 15,070 deaths from the disease. Surgery, with or without chemotherapy and radiation may be curative for esophageal cancer, especially for those patients with early stage disease.

Unlike breast and colorectal cancer, screening criteria for esophageal cancer is debatable. Many primary care providers don’t know 1) who is at risk for esophageal cancer, and 2) who needs to be screened.

The ACP helps clarify some of these questions with their Best Practice Advice for screening upper endoscopy criteria for those patients with GERD.

The key points from their guidelines are as follows:

• Everyone with Barrett’s metaplasia should be in an endoscopic surveillance program at least every three years, if there is dysplasia, then surveillance should be more frequent
• Everyone should get a screening endoscopy if they have heartburn [GERD] + additional symptoms (including dysphagia, anemia, vomiting, etc…)
• Everyone should get screening endoscopy if they have GERD symptoms that do not respond to 4-8 weeks of proton-pump inhibitor therapy
• Men over 50 with chronic GERD and additional risk factors (including elevated body mass index, smoking, etc…) should get screening endoscopy

From our perspective, although being male is an independent risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (male to female ratio of incidence is 3:1), we would still recommend counseling a woman on screening endoscopy if she fit the above demographics.

For more information on the ACP Best Practice Advice see the below URL:

http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1467417

“What is Thoracic Surgery?” is a good question. Often times the term Thoracic Surgery is used interchangeably with Cardiothoracic Surgery, Adult Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Surgery, Congenital Cardiothoracic Surgery, and General Thoracic Surgery. But for the layperson, Thoracic Surgery should be synonymous with General Thoracic Surgery.

A General Thoracic Surgeon takes care of patients with surgical diseases of the chest, generally excluding the heart and great vessels. About 80% of Thoracic Surgery involves surgery for some sort of cancer. This includes such tumors as lung cancer (which kills more people in the United States than colon, prostate and breast cancer combined), esophageal cancer, tumors of the chest wall (rib cage, sternum, etc…) and tumors of the mediastinum, or the space around the heart.

But a lot of Thoracic Surgery involves curing or helping people with disease processes that are not cancer related. This includes such procedures like thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis, sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis or “sweaty palms”, first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome, myotomy for Achalasia, esophagectomy and reconstruction for end stage benign esophageal disease, plication of the diaphragm for diaphragm paralysis, resection of esophageal diverticulum, removal of cysts of the chest, lung transplantation, and providing tissue or biopsies of the lung and chest tissue to diagnose problems such as interstitial lung disease.

Much of Thoracic Surgery is now done minimally invasively by using small incisions, a thin camera and high definition monitors.  This is called Video-Assisted Thorascopic Surgery or (VATS).

A Thoracic Surgeon should always be either already board certified or in the process of being board certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS). In addition to ABTS certification, many thoracic surgeons are also board certified by the American Board of Surgery (ABS). There is data that demonstrates that patients who have complex thoracic surgical disease, such as lung and esophageal cancer, have better outcomes when operated on by Thoracic Surgeons as opposed to non-Thoracic Surgeons (Birkmeyer JD et al., NEJM, 2003; Schipper PH et al., Ann Thorac Surg 2009). Also, research shows that patients may not do well after esophagectomy (removal of the esophagus) because of failure of their hospital to “rescue” them from complications (Ghaferi AA et al., Ann Surg, 2009). This fact underscores the importance that some operations should be performed by Thoracic Surgeons at high volume academic medical centers.

So what is Thoracic Surgery? Now you know!

Welcome to UCD ChestHealth, the official blog of UC Davis Thoracic Surgery.  This exciting new outlet, the first of its kind for a UC Davis Health System clinical service, will allow patients, physicians, students, residents, allied health professionals and anyone else who is interested or curious to learn about what we do and the important and not so publicized disease processes that affect thousands of individuals each day such as Lung Cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Emphysema/COPD and Hyperhidrosis.

Most of all, this blog will help answer that age old question “What is Thoracic Surgery?”  My mother asks me that question all of the time!  So feel free to comment, enjoy, and please suggest content.  You can contact or follow us on twitter: @UCD_ChestHealth or email us thoracic.surgery@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.